A) San Francisco Longshoremen’s Strike
1) Grievances
(a)
The shape-up – longshoremen at this time were hired like day-laborers;
they showed up at dock gates in a port, and the hiring boss chose those
he was disposed to choose. If workers provided him with a reason to
choose them (connections, bribes, kickbacks on the wages they were to
receive that day), they were, of course, more likely to be chosen. The
most important battle as far as the workers were concerned was to gain
control of hiring practices (known as the hiring hall) so that they
could control who would be sent to what job.
(b)
Master agreement – workers demanded that all shipping firms agree to
the same terms of contract, so that all workers on the west coast would
be treated the same, and so that workers in other ports could not be
used to whittle away the gains others might make.
2)
International Longshoremen’s Association (ILA) – the ILA was the
nominal union on the west coast, although its influence was flagging
during this time; its real source of power was its control of the ports
on the east coast, and on the Gulf coast. The ILA was led by a man named
Joe Ryan, one of the most spectacularly corrupt union officials in
history; as the strike on the West Coast dragged on, he flew in and
attempted to make a separate peace in each port, rather than the master
agreement that was one of the demands of the workers; only the
longshoremen of Seattle gave in to this ploy, however.
(a)
Harry Bridges – the leader of the San Francisco local was named Harry
Bridges. Originally from Australia, Bridges was a brilliant organizer.
Although he was probably a member of the Communist Party, he unfailingly
put the interests of his members first (although this did not stop
efforts by the US government to try and deport Bridges for much of the
next forty years as an undesirable alien).
3)
Battle of Rincon Hill – on July 5, San Francisco police attempted to
put an end to the city’s portion of the longshoremen’s strike by
attacking pickets at Rincon Hill, killing two and injuring 109 others.
This blatant favoritism by the police led to workers in the city to call
for a general strike, which took place for the following two days.
Workers took over many city functions during that time period—directing
traffic, etc. The international office of the AFL, however, demanded
that the San Francisco CLU end its support for the general strike, which
they almost immediately did and the strike quickly ended.
4)
Settlement –the longshoremen’s strike went on for another three weeks
after this, however, ending on July 31, after 11 weeks, with an
agreement to arbitration on the outstanding issues. Through vigorous
job actions over the next year or so, however, longshore workers were
able to gain most of their demands.
B) Minneapolis Teamster’s strike
1)
Citizen’s Alliance – an alliance of business citizens, that is. This
group of business leaders was determined to keep Minneapolis a bastion
of the open shop.
2)
Teamster’s Local 574 – led by a group of militant truck drivers who had
been expelled by the Communist Party in 1928—namely the three Dunne
Brothers (Vincent, Grant, and Miles) and Karl Skoglund—who were
determined to organize truck drivers in the city.
(a)
February 1934 Coal Driver’s Strike – the first blow to the Citizen’s
Alliance leadership in the city was this strike; obviously, a great
number of Minneapolis residents needed coal in the middle of February.
The quick success of this strike made the organization of other truck
drivers and warehouse workers much easier; by the middle of May the
local boasted of over 5,000 members.
(b)
May 1934 strike – called after employers refused to bargain with the
union; many members of the Citizen’s Alliance were deputized. The
Teamster local’s Woman’s Auxiliary was also involved in the strike; when
this group was attacked by the police and five members were sent to the
hospital, 35,000 building trades members declared a sympathy strike,
with the city’s CLU supporting the decision. After several bloody
battles, the employer’s group agreed to bargain with union.
(c)
July 1934 strike – the union distrusted the employer’s association, and
began almost immediately to prepare the membership for another strike,
which came July 16. The crux of disagreement was jurisdiction over
so-called “inside” workers (inside the warehouse, that is). Teamster’s
Local 574 wanted to transcend craft unionism and move toward industrial
unionism, which the employer’s association opposed—as did the union own
international president, Dan Tobin.
(i)
“Bloody Friday” – small group of “flying pickets” were ambushed by the
Minneapolis police (as an investigation by Minnesota governor Floyd
Olson proved), with the result that two of the pickets died. Some 40,000
workers marched in the funeral procession for their two stricken
comrades.
(ii)
Government arbitration – the arbitrators sent in by the government were
distrusted by Local 574, and proved to be ineffective.
(d)
Settlement – on August 22, the employers association agreed to union
representation of inside workers, and all other union demands.
C) Toledo
1)
February 1934 – strike effecting Spicer Manufacturing, Bingham
Stamping, Logan Gear, and Electric Auto-Lite was called by Local 18384, a
Federal Union, a sort of temporary union created by the Toledo Central
Labor Union to begin organizing Toledo autoworkers.
(a)
Little initial support at Auto-Lite – only 15 workers at the Auto-Lite
plant joined the picket lines in February; only the solidarity of the
workers at the other plants, and their refusal to go back to work
without their fellow union members at the plant, got the Auto-Lite
management to agree to take back the strikers and “bargain” with the
union.
(b)
Section 7a – (read the clause from page 15 of Korth book); “guaranteed”
workers to choose a union, and to bargain collectively (the NIRA code
gave manufacturers the right to set prices and production quotas amongst
themselves, in return). Management attempted to meet this requirement
by encouraging company unions; workers resisted this push, and attempted
to establish unions under their control. In all three strikes, the main
push for the workers was simply that management recognize the union as
their bargaining agent.
2)
Auto-Lite bargaining tactics – essentially, to stonewall the union in
the hope that it would eventually fade away. Instead of bargaining in
good faith, as the company had indicated that it would, they instead
hired more workers, in order to expand the pool of trained
strikebreakers, in the anticipation that another strike would follow in
the immediate future.
(a)
C.O. Miniger – owner and manager of the company since the company had
moved to Toledo from Indiana to supply headlamps for Willys automobiles.
Sat on the board of directors of the Commerce Guardian Bank; when this
bank failed in 1933, he used an advanced warning to pull out the money
of his company and his own personal accounts, while thousands of
ordinary Toledoans lost their savings in the failure of the bank.
(b) Tear gas – the company also bought a large quantity of tear gas, in anticipation of trouble that would follow
3)
Congress for Progressive Labor Action (CPLA) – later known as the
American Workers Party (AWP), which still later became the Workers
Party. This group was led at this time by A.J. Muste, a (then) former
Dutch Reformed Church minister; this organization was peopled with
believers in Leon Trotsky’s “permanent revolution” (as contrary to Josef
Stalin’s “revolution in one country”), left-wing socialists who
believed that the economic distress of the country gave them a ripe
opportunity to overthrow the capitalist system of the country (a belief
which many capitalists shared).
(a)
Lucas County Unemployed League – formed in late 1933 to begin
organizing the unemployed in the county (mainly in the city of Toledo).
They accomplished this by using such tactics as a “death march,” where a
group of unemployed marched slowly around the county courthouse,
pulling a wagon with a bell sounding the death knell; and by taking
groups of unemployed into restaurants and insisting the owner send the
bill to the Lucas County commissioners.
4)
Second Auto-Lite Strike – concentrated upon the Auto-Lite and two
affiliated plants; Bingham Stamping, and Logan Gear, both of which were
partially owned by Miniger as well.
(a)
April 13 – pickets set up after the membership of the local voted to
strike the night before; approximately 400 workers from the plant walked
the picket line, while about the same number of workers crossed the
picket line initially. Picket line numbers were increased by the
participation of other union members, and by the participation by
members of the LCUL.
(b)
Injunction – strikebreakers were being roughed up, verbally abused, and
intimidated (followed, sometimes up the steps of their homes). On May
3, company lawyers asked for, and received from Circuit Court judge Roy
R. Stuart, a sweeping injunction, limiting the number of pickets to
twenty-five, and preventing the participation by anyone who had not been
an employee of the Auto-Lite. The immediate result of this was that the
number of strikebreakers who reported for work greatly increased,
allowing the company to run full production, and essentially defeating
the strike.
(c)
Violation of the injunction – at the suggestion of Louis Budenz (later a
member of the Communist Party, and later still a born-again Catholic
and FBI informer), the members of the LCUL announced, in an open letter
sent May 5 to Judge Stuart, that they were going to violate the
injunction—which they began the next day. The members (rather small at
this early time) were promptly arrested, and brought before Judge
Stuart, where they were admonished not do that anymore, and
released—whereupon they promptly left the courtroom and marched back to
the plant to begin picketing once again. This action encouraged other
members of the LCUL to join in. They would get arrested, raise hell at
the courthouse, and be released, only to head back to the picket line.
This “street theater” began to attract large crowds in front of the
factory—and more importantly, began to diminish the number of
strikebreakers to cross the picket line.
(d)
Community uprising – by May 23, more than 10,000 people, men and women,
were on the picket line surrounding the factory. Deputized plant
security was on the roof with tear gas. A female picket was struck on
the head with an object thrown from the upper floors of the factory;
workers responded with a barrage of bricks that continued through the
night. At midnight, the Ohio National Guard was mobilized; by the end of
the six-day disturbance, this would be the largest peacetime
mobilization in Guard history. The disturbance only ends when Ohio
governor White promises not to use the Guard to re-open the factory;
with the factory finally closed, Auto-Lite management agreed to
negotiate with the union.
D)
Southern Textile Workers strike – although valiantly fought by southern
workers, the dispersed nature of textile workers communities meant that
they received little help in their strike, which led to its failure.
E) Labor
successes – the three successful strikes of 1934 succeeded because the
workers conducting the strike were able to rely upon other workers in
the community—something the textile workers in the South, because of
their isolation, were not able to do. Although workers were certainly
inspired by section 7a, and by FDR’s apparent positive response to
labor, they did not rely upon the government to help them win their
battles against employers – a lesson that the CIO did not learn.
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